For example, "it may be that the" can be written in one outline, "(tm)ab(th)a(th)". Based on the notion that lifting the pen between words would have a heavy speed cost, phrasing is the combination of several smaller distinct forms into one outline. Phrasing is another mechanism for increasing the speed of shorthand writing. For instance, "please" is written in Simplified and before as simply pl, and "govern" as gv. There are several others not shown, however. These brief forms are shown on the adjacent image. For instance, instead of writing kan for "can", the Gregg stenographer just writes k. Many of the letters shown are also brief forms, or standard abbreviations for the most common words for increased speed in writing. Sample of text from A Christmas Carol, published in Gregg shorthand, 1918 In the Anniversary edition and before, if z need be distinguished from s, a small tick drawn at a right angle from the s may be written to make this distinction. Therefore, the digraph qu (= / k w/) is usually written as k with a dash underneath the next vowel. W when in the middle of a word, is notated with a short dash under the next vowel. X / k s/ is expressed by putting a slight backward slant on the s symbol, though a word beginning ex is just written as if spelt es (and, according to Pre-Anniversary, ox is written as if os). Sh (= / ʃ/) (and zh = / ʒ/), Ch (= / tʃ/), and J (or Dzh, = / dʒ/) are written downward, while t and d are written upward. The system is written from left to right and the letters are joined. The image on the right shows the strokes of Gregg Shorthand Simplified. It uses the f stroke for the / f/ sound in funnel, telephone, and laugh. Gregg shorthand is a system of phonography, or a phonemic writing system, which means it records the sounds of the speaker, not the English spelling. In addition, because the symbols of Gregg shorthand are developed specially for English rather than adapted from a French system, they are a better fit for the language (for example, Gregg has a symbol for th ( / θ/ and / ð/) whereas the Duployan systems would use a dotted t, which takes longer to write). Gregg shorthand features cursive strokes which can be naturally blended without obtuse angles. However, he found the angular outlines of Duployan-based systems to be detrimental to speed. John Robert Gregg was originally a teacher of a Duployan shorthand adaptation to English (Duployan shorthand was the dominant system in France, and also featured uniform thickness and attached vowels). Pitman uses line thickness and position to discriminate between two similar sounds, but Gregg shorthand uses the same thickness throughout and discriminates between similar sounds by the length of the stroke. Gregg is often contrasted to Pitman shorthand, as the two share significant predominance over other English shorthand systems. These included "Greghand" in 1935, and "Notehand" in 19. Besides the main editions, a number of simpler, personal-use editions were published from 1924 to 1968. These versions are described below in this article. Versions published before 1929 are often referred to as Pre-Anniversary. The last version was Centennial, published in 1988. Several of these versions were given names: Anniversary (published in 1929), Gregg Shorthand Simplified (1949), Diamond Jubilee (1963), and Series 90 (1978). Many versions of this system were published. However, Gregg shorthand is still in use today. With the invention of dictation machines, shorthand machines, and the practice of executives writing their own letters on their personal computers, the use of shorthand has gradually declined in the business and reporting world. Gregg shorthand is the most popular form of pen stenography in the United States its Spanish adaptation is fairly popular in Latin America. Like cursive longhand, it is completely based on elliptical figures and lines that bisect them. Gregg shorthand is a form of shorthand that was invented by John Robert Gregg in 1888. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). English, Afrikaans, Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Malaysia, Catalan, Esperanto, French, German, Hebrew, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Mandarin Chinese, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Thai, and Tagalog
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